Title: Data and code from: Phenological shifts across the invaded range of Blue Mustard (Chorispora tenella) DOI: 10.7923/2knm-w212 Data, code and/or products within this dataset support the following manuscript: Manuscript Title: Phenological shifts across the invaded range of Blue Mustard (Chorispora tenella) Journal: iScience DOI: ### In Review Description/Abstract: Invasive species represent excellent evolutionary test cases for understanding how species may rapidly adapt to novel environments, for example, in the face of climate change. Often invasion biology relies on comparisons between contemporary populations or ranges (i.e. current populations from the invaders native and invasive ranges), inferring that any differences should be the result of evolution in the invaded range. However, natural history collections such as herbaria offer the opportunity to compare invasive individuals across the timeline of an invasion. Native to Eurasia, blue mustard was introduced to North America by 1894, and has since spread to 31 US states and 3 Canadian provinces. It is a weed of both rangelands and croplands, and to date most research has focused on management. Using phenological data scored from 528 digitized herbarium specimens collected in western North America between 1920 – 2020 and monthly climate data during this time (CRU v4.06), we ask 1) does phenology change over the course of invasion? and 2) how does regional climate influence the phenological timing of blue mustard across its invaded range? We find that mean annual temperature and interannual temperature variability were the most predictive of phenology day of year. The average timing of phenology, across all life stages, occurs earlier in warm regions than in cold regions. Plants in the coldest and most temperature variable regions of the range experience the most delayed phenological timing, likely serving as a strategy to avoid winter frost. Interestingly, interannual temperature variability was less deterministic of phenology in warm regions. Warm regions have long growing seasons, such that temperature unpredictability may not impose a large frost risk on plants and thus have a reduced effect on phenology. In this dataset, phenological variation along this mean annual temperature gradient is contingent on the predictability of the temperature regime itself, a pattern which has not been show before in this type of system to our knowledge. This may have implications for this plant under climate change, which should increase temperatures, but also unpredictability, across this range. This spatial pattern may be driven, to some degree, by adaptive genetic variation in the phenological strategies of blue mustard. **Data Use**: *License*: [Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) *Recommended Citation*: Turner KG, Heberling JH, Reeb RA. 2023. Data and code from: Phenological shifts across the invaded range of Blue Mustard (Chorispora tenella). University of Idaho. https://doi.org/10.7923/2knm-w212 **Funding** US National Science Foundation: [PRFB-1523842](https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1523842) US National Science Foundation: [PRFB-1612079](https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1612079) US National Science Foundation and Idaho EPSCoR: [OIA-1757324](https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1757324) Resource URL: https://data.nkn.uidaho.edu/dataset/data-and-code-phenological-shifts-across-invaded-range-blue-mustard-chorispora-tenella Creator(s): 1. Full Name: Kathryn G. Turner Unique identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-0301 Affiliation(s): Idaho State University 2. Full Name: J. Mason Heberling Unique identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0756-5090 Affiliation(s): Carnegie Museum of Natural History 3. Full Name: Rachel A. Reeb Unique identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-0268 Affiliation(s): University of Pittsburgh Other Contributor(s): 1. Full Name: Andrew Wright Child Unique identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6666-0739 Affiliation(s): University of Idaho Role: data manager Publisher: University of Idaho Publication Year: 2023 Language(s): American English Subject(s): 1. Natural sciences 1.6 Biological sciences Keywords/Tags: Phenology; invasive species; invasion; herbarium; climate; interannual temperature variability; mean annual temperature; Chorispora tenella Resource Type General: Dataset Dates: 2023-06-15, Manuscript Submitted Date available for the public: ### Pending Release Sizes: 1.5 MB Format(s): csv, Rmd Version: NULL Funding References: US National Science Foundation Award Number: PRFB-1523842 Award Title: NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biology FY 2015 Award URI: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1523842 US National Science Foundation Award Number: PRFB-1612079 Award Title: NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biology FY 2016 Award URI: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1612079 US National Science Foundation and Idaho EPSCoR Program Award Number: OIA-1757324 Award Title: RII Track-1: Linking Genome to Phenome to Predict Adaptive Responses of Organisms to Changing Landscapes Award URI: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1757324 Spatial/Geographical Coverage Location: Study Area Description: western North America Geospatial Extent: Easting: -98 Westing: -123 Northing: 47 Southing: 31 Point Location(s): NULL Temporal Coverage: Start Data: 1901-01-01 End Date: 2021-01-01 Granularity of the Data: Monthly minimum temperature records at a 5km resolution were obtained from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU, version 4.06) Contact Info: Contact Name: Kathryn Turner Contact Email: turnkat2@isu.edu Related Content: Peer Reviewed Manuscript-iScience | ###In Review Data/Code Files: README.txt: Project metadata and data dictionary in README text format. 2knm-w212.xml: Project metadata in XML machine readable format. CHTE_analysis_for_sharing_Apr3.Rmd: ### Need Description of file CHTE_climate_phenology_data_combined_apr3.csv: ### General description of file contents Header Key: [cloumn 1 blank header]: ### explanation for each column of data table. See below for possible examples ID: Coreid: Catalog.Number: Individual: Buds: Flowers: Fruits: comments: phenology.index: institutionCode: collectionCode: ownerInstitutionCode: basisOfRecord: occurrenceID: catalogNumber: otherCatalogNumbers: scientificName: taxonID: scientificNameAuthorship: identifiedBy: recordedBy: associatedCollectors: recordNumber: eventDate: year: month: day: habitat: substrate: verbatimAttributes: dynamicProperties: reproductiveCondition: lifeStage: country: stateProvince: county: municipality: locality: locationRemarks: Latitude: Longitude: geodeticDatum: coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: verbatimCoordinates: georeferencedBy: georeferenceProtocol: georeferenceSources: georeferenceVerificationStatus: georeferenceRemarks: minimumElevationInMeters: maximumElevationInMeters: verbatimElevation: recordEnteredBy: sourcePrimaryKey.dbpk: collID: recordID: references: elevation: Taveprevdec: Tave01: Tave02: Tave03: Tave04: Tave05: Tave06: Tave07: Tave08: Tave09: Tave10: Tave11: Tave12: date: DOY: Precprevdec: Prec01: Prec02: Prec03: Prec04: Prec05: Prec06: Prec07: Prec08: Prec09: Prec10: Prec11: Prec12: wint_temp: wint_precip: annual_temp: annual_precip: winter_temp: winter_precip: yearly_temp_sd: yearly_temp_mean: yearly_precip_sd: yearly_precip_mean: yearly_wint_precip_sd: yearly_wint_precip_mean: yearly_wint_temp_sd: yearly_wint_temp_mean: